This second tip in a two-part series on IPv6 (View part 1 here), posted here courtesy of SearchNetworking.com, delves into IPv6 addressing, including address types, address format and notation, prefixes, special addresses and address assignments. This is useful information for systems integrators and other channel professionals helping their customers migrate to the IPv6 protocol.

Address introduction

An IPv4 address has 32 bits. An IPv6 address has 128 bits and looks a bit wild. Extending the address space from 32 bits to 128 bits was one of the driving reasons to develop IPv6. The IPv6 addressing architecture is defined in RFC 2373, which supersedes RFC 1884.

An IPv6 address can be in one of three categories:

1. Unicast: A packet sent to a unicast address is delivered to the interface identified by that address.
2. Multicast: The packet will be processed by all members of the multicast group.
3. Anycast (new to IPv6): The packet will be delivered to only one of the interfaces configured for the anycast address -- usually to the nearest one.

The broadcast address that caused us many headaches in the past is no longer used

anymore.

You know you've mastered your first foray when you write IPv4 addresses with colons.

The notation of IPv6 is simplified with the following rules:
Rule one: Leading zeroes can be skipped.

For example, this line: FE80:0000:0000:0000:0202:B3FF:FE1E:8329

Can be written as: FE80:0:0:0:202:B3FF:FE1E:8329

Rule two: A consecutive number of zeroes within an address can be replaced by a double colon -- but only once within an address.

For example: FE80:0:0:0:202:B3FF:FE1E:8329

becomes: FE80::202:B3FF:FE1E:8329

In environments where IPv4 and IPv6 nodes are mixed, the decimal values of an IPv4 address can be put into the four low-order bit pieces of the address.

Example:
192.168.0.2 can be written as 0:0:0:0:0:0:192.168.0.2
or
::192.168.0.2

or in hex like this:
::C0A8:2

General address format
A typical IPv6 address will consist of two parts:

1. Prefix: Which is used to identify a subnet.
   Length = n bits
2. Interface ID: Which is used to identify an interface on a subnet and needs to be unique on that subnet.
   Length = 128 – n bits

Prefixes

Specified in RFC 2373

High-order bit of an IP address

Used to identify the subnet or a specific type of address

The notation appends the prefix length in number of bits with a slash: IPv6 address/prefix length

The prefix length specifies how many of the left-most bits of the address specify the prefix

Here's a list of prefixes that have already been assigned.

This is an overview of the link and site--local addresses:

Here is an example of the general format of the aggregatable global unicast address. It is identified by the prefix 001 and the prefix is followed by five components as shown here:

We also have some special aggregatable global unicast addresses:

The unspecified address / all--zeros address
–Value of 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 (short = ::0)

The loopback address
–Value of 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (short = ::1)

Here's a look at the 6to4 address format. 6to4 is one of the transition mechanisms defined. The mechanism will be discussed later, here we only look at the address format. Because 6to4 uses a tunnel over an IPv4 infrastructure this address format contains a public IPv4 address in the prefix part.

This example examines a public IPv4 address converted to hex and inserted into the prefix of the IPv6 address.

ISATAP address format

The ISATAP address format is another type of address that has been defined for the transition period and it is still in draft, although you may find a couple of implementations. For example Windows XP has an implementation of ISATAP.

Multicast address

Let's take a look at the multicast address. You'll notice the "scope" field in the picture below. This new field has been introduced in IPv6 and is used to define scopes to a multicast address. This provides much more flexible configuration options and makes multicasting more scalable. A multicast address is always identified by the prefix 0xFF. The table below will give you a further overview.

Multicast addresses ---- scope field values:

Value	Description
0	Reserved
1	Interface--local scope
2	Link--local scope
3, 4	Unassigned
5	Site--local scope
6, 7	Unassigned
8	Organization--local scope
9, A, B, C, D	Unassigned
E	Global scope
F	Reserved

A packet sent to a multicast address can be scoped in order to go as far as desired. To find all routers on the subnet, the address FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 is used. If you want to address all routers within the site, you'll use FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2. Or in the case of DHCP, if you want to address all DHCP agents on the subnet, use FF02:0:0:0:0:0:1:2. If you want to address all DHCP servers within the site, use FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:3 and if you want to address all DHCP relays within the site, use FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:4.

Well-known multicast addresses:

Address	Description
Interface--Local Scope
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1	All Nodes Address
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2	All Routers Address
Link--Local Scope
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1	All Nodes Address
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2	All Routers Address
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:4	DVMRP Routers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:5	OSPFIGP
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:6	OSPFIGP Designated Routers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:7	ST Routers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:8	ST Hosts
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:9	RIP Routers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:A	EIGRP Routers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:B	Mobile--Agents
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:D	All PIM Routers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:E	RSVP--Encapsulation
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:1:1	Link Name
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:1:2	All DHCP Agents
FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FFXX:XXXX	Solicited Node Address
Site--Local Scope
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2	All Routers Address
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:3	All DHCP Servers
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:4	All DHCP Relays
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:1000 to FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:13FF	Service Location

Address ranges assigned

Address ranges that have been assigned internationally from the 2001 range are to ARIN, RIPE NCC and APNIC -- the three big registries. ARIN for the United States and Americas, RIPE for Europe, and APNIC for Asia Pacific. A special address range has been defined for 6to4 in RFC 3056, which is the 2002 range. For testing and 6bone a special address has been defined in RFC 2471 as the 3FFE address space. As the IPv6 address space has now been assigned and can be registered the 6bone will probably go away slowly.

Prefix	Allocation to	RFC
2001::/16	Sub--TLA assignments: APNIC 2001:0200::/23 ARIN 2001:0400::/23 RIPE NCC 2001:0600::/23 RIPE NCC 2001:0800::/23 RIPE NCC 2001:0A00::/23 APNIC 2001:0C00::/23 LACNIC 2001:1200::/23	RFC 2450
2002::/16	6to4	RFC 3056
3FFE::/16	6bone testing **	RFC 2471

In conclusion, here's a good entry point for any address related information on IPv4 or IPv6:

View part 1 here.

About the author
Silvia Hagen has been in the networking industry since 1990, and became a CNE and CNI in 1992. She began her career as a successful instructor, and has trained hundreds of system engineers. Today she is CEO of Sunny Connection AG in Switzerland and works as a senior consultant and analyst for many mid--size and large sized companies. Her expertise is in Directory Services and Protocol Analysis. She is the author of the successful book Novell's Guide to Troubleshooting TCP/IP, published by Wiley & Sons and SLP -- Guide to Service Location Protocol, published by Podbooks. Her latest book IPv6 Essentials was published in August 2002 by O'Reilly. She also presents internationally on various networking topics for universities, Novell's Brainshare and NetWare Users International Conferences, and also offers customized corporate presentations. For more details and contact information visit her Web site at http://www.sunny.ch.

This tip originally appeared on SearchNetworking.com.

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